Theoretical and Applied Economics
No. 2 / 2026 (647), Summer
Determinants of CO2 emissions in ASEAN-5: The role of human development, renewable energy, and economic growth
Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
Anna YULIANITA
Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
Ariodillah HIDAYAT
Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
Abstract. Environmental pressures in the ASEAN-5 region have intensified alongside accelerated human development and rising carbon emissions driven by industrialization. This study examines the impact of human development, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on CO₂ emissions in ASEAN-5 countries. Using annual panel data from 2000–2019, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach is employed to analyze both short-run and long-run relationships. The results show that, in the long run, human development significantly increases CO₂ emissions, while renewable energy consumption and economic growth contribute to emission reductions. In the short run, human development and renewable energy consumption have no significant effect, whereas economic growth exerts a positive and significant impact on CO₂ emissions. The findings also support the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the ASEAN-5 region. These results underscore the importance of promoting clean energy transitions and strengthening human development policies to achieve sustainable economic growth and carbon emission mitigation.
Contents
Military expenditure and economic sustainability: implications of the SAFE program
Regional inequalities and human capital adaptability in Romania
Income inequality: The Resource Distribution Index (RDI)
Testing the weak form efficiency of green financial markets: A comparative study between developed and developing green financial markets
Exploring symmetry and asymmetry in evacuation dynamics: A comprehensive bibliometric and computational analysis
AI-driven marketing models as a competitive advantage in global markets
Does institutional quality promote economic growth in West Africa?
A dynamic panel data analysis of the asymmetric impact of labour cost on intra-EU migration
Determinants of CO2 emissions in ASEAN-5: The role of human development, renewable energy, and economic growth
Effects of digital economy on economic growth: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries in Africa
Adaptive AI, behavioural pattern formation, and the development of human cognition
Tax-driven alignment between conforming and non-conforming earnings management across different accounting standards
Effect of inclusive business models on multidimensional poverty in Burkina Faso
Gross financial wealth or net financial strength? Household balance sheets and economic development in the European Union
Government expenditures and tax policy: A comprehensive fiscal analysis for Greece from 1974 to 2018
What is the nature of the relationship between inflation and economic growth? Empirical evidence for the 13 least developed African countries
Digital trust and consumer psychology: A robust analysis of youth entrepreneurship in emerging Indian markets
Can monetary policy drive inclusive social development in Africa? Instrumental variables quantile regression approach
Analysing the relationship between tourist flows and socio-economic development. A comparative case study: Romania vs. PIGS countries